He was married to the English princess Philippa of Lancaster. Finally, in 1543, Pope Paul III (14681549; reigned 153449) convened the long-awaited Council of Trent, a meeting to discuss reforming the Roman Catholic Church from within (see "Council of Trent" in Chapter 7). The successful siege ended a five-year Spanish offensive that conquered more than thirty rebel Dutch towns and maintained Spanish and Catholic control of the southern provinces of the Netherlands until 1714. Thus began the Burgundy dynasty. The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic era. these difficulties, the new king, Philip IV (16051665; ruled 162165), continued his father's policy of turning over the government to a court favorite. Which European wrote the first travelogue detailing China's history, culture, and art? Charles also had to declare Henry and Henry's descendants heirs to the French crown. Five years later Mary, who was now near death, named Elizabeth to be her successor. In fact, most of the major exploratory work in North America was done on inland water routes by the French. In 1580 and 1581, Philip II of Spain claimed the throne of Portugal, conquered the country, and acquired its empire. By the time Charles died in 1461, the English had been driven from all French territory. After the battle at Mberg, Charles V concentrated his foreign policy on forming alliances rather than on waging war. on a 12 second timer, and questions 11 - 15 are on a 10 second. He included a note suggesting that the Samuri use the body parts to make himself a curry (an Indian dish with spices). During the Inquisition thousands of non-Christians were killed by mobs, while thousands more tried to save their own lives by converting to Christianity. But Essex botched the job miserably. Kurds and the Formation of the State of Iraq 1917-1932 M. R. Izady. The Moors established a new culture on the Iberian Peninsula. For six years, Francis remained in France, where he became an enthusiastic patron of the arts. English settlers made three failed attempts to start a colony at Roanoke, an island off the coast of Virginia. Assassinated in 1610 by a Catholic fanatic, Henry was followed by his young nine-year-old son Louis XIII (16011643; ruled 161043). At the time, there were several factors which prevented the restoration of the empire as it had been in the 18th century, notably the rise of larger, more consolidated kingdoms in Germany, such as Bavaria, Saxony and Wrttemberg, as well as Prussia's interest in becoming a great power in Europe (rather than continue being a vassal to the . In these lands Europeans could find exotic merchandise and foods that had never been known in Europe. Login. Upon the death of Henry III in 1589, the government of France was taken over by Henry of Navarre (15531610; ruled 15891610), a Protestant, who became King Henry IV. Philip was challenged by Edward III (13121377; ruled 132777) of England, whose mother was the daughter of Philip the Fair. The main problem was that Charles was a foreigner. The French and Spanish monarchs During a famous confrontation with the emperor, the German priest refused to budge on his controversial views. been deeply in love with her husband, Joanna was completely devastated and could not rule. He gained his release in March 1526 by agreeing to relinquish all claims to Italy and by giving up the duchies of Burgundy, Flanders (now part of Belgium, France, and the Netherlands), and Artois (a region in northern France). Actually, the struggle did not last a full one hundred years but instead consisted of a series of conflicts interspersed with periods of peace. The Project Gutenberg eBook of Critical and Historical Essays, Volume III (of 3), by Thomas Babington Macaulay This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. Pole was an English aristocrat who had lived in Italy since Henry VIII's break with the papacy. Cromwell therefore declared the marriage invalid shortly after he conducted the wedding In 1587, even before the Armada could set out, the English seaman Francis Drake (c. 15401596) launched a surprise attack on the Spanish ships, which were anchored in the port of Cdiz, Spain. Answer (1 of 13): But they didn't, not really. In pursuit of the second he led France, in 1635, into the Thirty Years' War (16181648), a series of conflicts fought mainly in Germany over many social, political, and religious issues (see "Thirty Years' War" in Chapter 6). Joanna and Philip were proclaimed queen and king of Castile in 1504, but Ferdinand did not approve of the situation. The horrified Clement, who had been locked away in a tower for his own safety, quickly joined Henry in making peace with Charles. Then in 1599 she placed Essex in command of a military force and sent him to Ireland to subdue Tyrone's Rebellion. The other European powers now had land and a certain amount of income from their colonies, but they still did not have what they wanted: the spices, sugar, and precious metals owned by Spain and Portugal. Hernando de Soto (c. 14961542) navigated the Mississippi River, and Francisco de Coronado (15101554) traveled through territory that is now northern Mexico The three main conflicts were the Edwardian War (134060), won by English king Edward III; the Caroline War (136989), won by French king Charles V (13371380; ruled 136480); and the Lancastrian War (141535), won by French king Charles VII (14031461; ruled 142261). A: Enemy Elim . On April 9, 1609, King Philip III signed a decree of expulsion. On the very day of Cromwell's death Henry married Catherine Howard (c. 15201542). They also wanted to end the use of wedding rings, which were believed to be popish because Catholics wore them. "The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain Not long after Columbus's discovery of the New World in 1492, Pope Alexander VI ordered that the newly discovered lands be divided between Spain and Portugal. The ships did not set sail again until July. That same year he married Isabella of Portugal. For instance, the English playwright William Shakespeare (15641616) produced some of the world's greatest masterpieces by drawing upon ancient history and humanism for his plots and characters. In 1585, Alessandro Farnese (15451592), the duke of Parma, surpassed the military skill of even the bloody Alba when he captured the great walled town of Antwerp (a city in present-day Belgium). In 2022, the game reached its peak. A new royal house, the Tudors, began with this marriage. In the 1860s, the Kingdom of Prussia, led by Kaiser Wilhelm I and his prime minister, Otto von Bismarck, initiated a series of conflicts designed to unite the German states under their influence. The English also formed an alliance with France and, to seal the treaty, Henry's sister Mary became the wife of King Louis XII of France. He frequently attacked his father's ministers, including the duke of Alba, with a knife. The English Protestant queen, Elizabeth I, was worried about the Catholic advance in the Low Countries. Then on December 9, 1525, King Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V) gave a similar choice to Moriscos living in Aragon after he had inherited the country from his grandfather Ferdinand. Yet Elizabeth is best remembered for her accomplishments, such as strengthening the Anglican Church and keeping government finances stable. Other notable leaders fled to safety in Germany. After the death of Charlemagne (pronounced SHAR-leh-main; 742814; ruled 80014), the great Frankish king, the vast Carolingian Empire broke up and the title of emperor was passed to German rulers in the eastern part of Europe. Increasingly, Wolsey handled state affairs; he became archbishop of York in 1514, chancellor and representative to the papacy (office of the pope) in 1515. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps, The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain, Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. James could not prevent Parliament from voting funds for a campaign against Spain. For this reason the conflict is known as the War of the Roses. Between 10,000 and 14,000 Frenchmen died, and many others were taken prisoner, including Francis himself. Questions 1 - 5 are on a 15 second timer, questions 6 - 10 are. democratic rule. James's reign was troubled by his insistence upon ruling by divine right (the concept that a king is chosen directly by God). The Italian Wars began in 1494, when Charles was asked by the Sforzas, the family that ruled the city-state of Milan, to join them and Swiss mercenaries in seizing Florence from the Medici family (see "Milan" in Chapter 2). He was the first of the Bourbon line of rulers. During the Caroline War, the French regained much of the territory lost during the Edwardian War. They were at once the lay face of the church, the spiritual heart of civic government, and the social kin who claimed the allegiance of peers and the obedience of subordinates. A skilled diplomat, Cavour secured an alliance with France. MikeMeHigh. The Napoleonic Code of 1804 was MOST important in World History because it. The growth of the new economy posed threats to the feudal system. He also invaded Provence, a region in southeast France, and areas of northern France. Below the lords were vassals (knights), who held smaller amounts of land awarded to them by lords. In August, sailing against strong winds, the Armada began moving up the English Channel toward Flanders. One of the most significant developments in the three centuries leading up to the Renaissance period was the collapse of feudalism. Royal Family of United Kingdom. 1300-1500: France: Frankish kingdom > France/Germany: rise of France: Hundred Years' War > French unification: Germany: Holy Roman Empire: England: Anglo-Saxon kingdoms: Anglo . then had a falling-out because Louis XII also claimed a right to rule in Italybecause his grandmother, Valentina Visconti, was a daughter of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, duke of Milan. In 1568, at the height of his Dutch troubles, Philip experienced several other misfortunes. Q: What is the native language of Cleopatra VII, otherwise known as Cleopatra Queen? Margaret was exiled to France, and Henry lived the rest of his life imprisoned in the Tower of London (a prison for members of the royalty and nobility). After winning several major battles, the Moors conquered the Visigoth capital of Toledo in 712 and soon pushed the Germanic lords and their armies into the northern frontiers of Spain. After receiving a tremendous ransom for the emperor's release, Pizarro murdered Atahuallpa, then claimed the Inca empire for Spain, killing all the Inca who did not cooperate. The new line would give Portugal authority over Brazil when it was discovered five years later. National sovereignty was restored by the revolution of 1640. Just one year before Charles died, Philip decisively ended more than a half-century of Spanish-French conflict regarding Italy. Francis had grown up in the court of King Louis XII and was called the dauphin. Among them were Drake, John Hawkins (15321595), and Martin Frobisher (c. 15351594). The Spanish had rights to all lands west of the longitudinal Line of Demarcation, while Portugal could claim everything to the east. One of the first to seek the Northwest Passage was John Cabot, an Italian navigator financed by King Henry VII of England. Gama responded by seizing a number of traders and fishermen from the harbor, killing them, and sending a boat filled with their body parts back to the Samuri. After the Portuguese defeated the Spanish in a war over the throne in 1385, John established a political alliance with England under the Treaty of Windsor (1386) that has endured to the present day. In addition, Charles would inherit lands in Burgundy (a region of France) that belonged to Maximilian I, and he was in line to become Holy Roman Emperor. While Spanish forces were defeating the Ottomans, Philip was contending with the Revolt of the Netherlands, which broke out in 1566 (see "Netherlands" in Chapter 4). The Portuguese viceroy placed in charge of Portuguese colonization, Alfonso de Albuquerque battered his way across the Indian Ocean. Animal Kingdoms: Hunting, the Environment and Power in the Indian Princely States. King John IV (16041656; ruled 164056), founder of the Bragana dynasty, then took the Portuguese throne. A brutal campaign against the Waldensians demolished twenty-two towns and killed four thousand people. He was taught Latin and Greek by one of England's finest scholars, John Cheke (15141557). Jews became highly influential in Spain from the tenth through the twelfth centuries, a period that is often called the "Golden Age" of Jewish history. Thus, on March 17, 1558, the last Tudor monarch of England ascended the throne. Add Me. He was daring and courageous in battle, to the point of folly. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain, "The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain In expedition after expedition, Portuguese ships inched their way down the African coast. Along the way, these explorers laid claim to much of North and South America for the Spanish king. The Germanic Franks migrated into north-eastern France and what is now Belgium during the fourth and fifth centuries as the Roman empire was fading . Cartier's voyages never took him farther west than the site of modern-day Montreal, Canada, but his thorough exploration and charting of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence led the way for further exploration by one of his countrymen, Samuel de Champlain (c. 15671635). The Spaniards' worst fears were realized when Charles's political advisers arrived in Spain. popular route to China and the Spice Islands. That year an assassin killed William of Orange in his home in Delft. Alba had Egmont and Hoorn executed along with perhaps twelve thousand other rebels. When Francis swore as a gentleman to return to captivity if he failed to live up to his end of the bargain, Charles agreed to set him free. Henry is now considered the true English Renaissance prince. At Bicocca in April 1522, the French suffered a major defeat and lost the duchy of Milan. limit their power. By this time the French were also consumed by a nationalistic spirit. The Waldensians were advocates of the views of Peter Waldo (also known as Pierre Valds; d. before 1218), an early French religious reformer who protested against corruption in the Catholic Church. Great Britain was born on the first of May, 310 years ago. Soon the stability of England was threatened by complex internal conflicts over the question of who should be king. Henry succeeded in restoring prosperity After Marco Polo's explorations, the Mongols, who ruled all of Asia and parts of the European continent, had allowed free overland access to European merchants. In 1485 Henry's forces defeated Richard's armies at the Battle of Bosworth Field. Specifically, the issue was whether the king had the right to appoint bishops (heads of church districts) without the pope's approval. Protestantism now reached its highest point in English history. The great soldier Bertrand du Guesclin (pronounced gay-klahn; c. 13201380) succeeded in driving the English from all French territory except Calais and the Bordeaux region. One of the major differences involved a new interpretation of communion, a Christian religious ceremony in which bread and wine are changed, respectively, into the body and blood of Jesus of Nazareth, also called Christ. The Renaissance palace at Hampton Court was the scene of many splendid entertainments. The church then sent Franciscans and Jesuits (members of Catholic religious orders) into Granada and Valencia to apply pressure on the Moriscos. 22 Feb. 2023 . Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII (14621515; ruled 14981515), joined Swiss troops and Ferdinand of Aragon to overthrow Sforza rule in Naples. Which commander is known as Barbarossa? Introduction. One of the most important events of Henry VIII's reign was the closing of monasteries. Henry VIII, whose heart had never really been in the war, also quickly came to terms with Charles. 11 unique nations and growing: You can choose to become either Rome, Germany, Britain, France, Spain, China, Japan, Korea, Arabia, Ottoman or Byzantium and start building your own city to become the most powerful one in the kingdom!Each nation has its own unique pros and cons. The forerunner to the European explorers was the Venetian traveler Marco Polo (12541324). Ferdinand's most brilliant military and political successes were achieved in Italy during the Italian Wars, a series of conflicts in which Spain and France were fighting over control of Naples and Sicily (see discussion of the Italian Wars in "France" section previously in this chapter). Charles had firmly consolidated Charles's advisers bribed the German princes who served as electors, however, and in 1519 Charles took office as Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. As both the king of Spain and head of the Holy Roman Empire, Charles was now the most powerful ruler in Europe. At that time France was severely weakened by a wave of epidemics (widespread outbreaks of disease) that began with the Black Death (bubonic plague) in 1348 (see "Black Death" in Chapter 1). from Flanders. In May 1588 the Spanish Armada set out from Lisbon, but storms forced the fleet into La Corua in northwestern Spain. They commissioned Christopher Columbus (14511506), a navigator from Genoa, Italy, to find a sea route to the Indies (Asia). The king's announcement also offered a reward of 25,000 ducats (coins used in various European countries) for the capture of William of Orange. The Visigoths were a nomadic Germanic tribe which flourished in Europe during the time of the Romans. Edward began to lose support, even in the house of York. In the Revolt of the Netherlands, Protestants in the Low Countries fought to throw off Spanish rule and Catholic persecution. When Gama returned to Calicut in 1502, with the purpose of turning it into a Portuguese colony, the city's head administrator, or Samuri, sent a ship full of envoys (representatives) to discuss the captain's intentions. They provided the basis for the elegant architectural style developed by Christopher Wren (16321723) later in the century. The French returned in 1499, however, this time to take Naples and Sicily from the Sforzas. Moriscos were also fiercely opposing the efforts of the Inquisition. Here, you can find the complete list of all questions used for the Preliminary, Midterm, and Final Exams. He began organizing the famous "Invincible Armada," a fleet of 130 heavily armored ships that carried 30,000 men, for an invasion of England (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). 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rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom